Research

Fast but error-prone: AI assists in solving a decades-old fluid mechanics problem in weeks

Susan Glairon — Wed, 05 Aug 2026 14:59:57 +0000

Fast but error-prone: AI assists in solving a decades-old fluid mechanics problem in weeks Susan Glairon Wed, 08/05/2026 - 08:59

The image illustrates how a particle's shape influences the flow patterns around it.

Susan Glairon

Image caption: Illustration of how a particle's shape influences the flow patterns around it.

For seven years, Ankur Gupta, assistant professor of chemical and biological engineering at CU �鶹ӰԺ, had been pursuing a theory about how small particles move when driven by electric fields. Century-old research suggests that particle size and shape do not change their speed, but Gupta wanted to go deeper. He sought to understand how size and shape affect the motion of smaller particles when driven by electric fields, and with the help of Claude, an AI assistant, and his team’s rigorous verification, the researchers solved the problem in just five weeks.

In the following Q&A, Gupta discusses the research, how AI contributed to the discovery and the importance of human oversight.

Claude helped you solve a problem in five weeks that had remained unsolved for decades. What problem were you trying to solve?

There’s an intense interest in fabricating micron- and submicron-sized particles with a wide range of shapes. These tiny engineered particles are increasingly used in medical diagnostics, targeted drug delivery and tiny self-propelled devices, where precise control of their movement is essential.

I was trying to develop a theory that predicts how these small particles move when subjected to an electric field and how their size and shape affect their motion.

What was still unknown about how small particles move?

Imagine kicking a ball. How fast it travels depends on how hard you kick it, as well as the ball’s size and shape. Something similar happens at the microscopic scale in a process called electrophoresis, where tiny charged particles move through an electrolyte solution when an electric field is applied. The electric field acts like the kick: the stronger the electric field, the faster the particle moves.

One might expect that, like a ball, larger or differently shaped particles would move at different speeds during electrophoresis. The Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski showed more than a century ago that the speed of particles larger than a few micrometers is independent of size and shape. The remaining challenge was to understand what happens when particles become small enough for their size and shape to affect how they move.

What did you discover about how particle shape affects motion?

We found that the most important aspect of a particle’s shape is the stretch or compression, the change from a perfect sphere into a slightly elongated or flattened shape. Other deformations, such as waviness, have little effect on how the particle moves. Being able to predict how shape controls this motion is important because engineered micro- and nanoparticles are increasingly used in medical diagnostics, targeted drug delivery and self-propelled "micro/nano swimmers," where controlling their movement is essential.

What potential impact could your findings have on applications such as medical diagnostics and targeted drug delivery

Our findings show that a nanoparticle's shape affects how it moves in an electric field. This insight could help researchers design nanoparticles that travel at the right speed for applications like medical diagnostics and targeted drug delivery.

Why did you bring AI into the project?

For more than seven years, I had been pursuing a theory beyond the Smoluchowski result. My research group had explored several different approaches to the problem over a period of a year and a half, but we couldn’t find a solution.

There’s been a lot of buzz around AI, so we decided to give it a shot. We set up the problem, but we were curious whether AI could handle the long, detail-intensive algebra required to solve it.

What kinds of tasks was Claude especially good at?

It was especially good at handling repetitive, time-consuming tasks, such as carrying out lengthy calculations, writing computer code and creating publication-quality figures. Even then, we had to carefully review its work to make sure everything was accurate.

What were the dangers of bringing AI into research?

AI can make mistakes, and relying on it too much can spread those mistakes throughout a project. For example, AI may confidently execute a well-documented procedure in the wrong situation and provide explanations that justify an incorrect answer. Researchers need to be skeptical of anything AI does and verify AI-generated results independently.

What surprised you most about the mistakes Claude made? Were they difficult to spot?

AI made the kinds of mistakes we expected, such as misinterpreting research papers or relying on unrealistic assumptions. As the work became more refined, the mistakes became much harder to detect. Claude sometimes made subtle mathematical errors that appeared correct, or adjusted its reasoning to match expected results, creating answers that looked self-consistent but were wrong. In some cases, the results, including graphs, appeared valid until we carefully checked every step.

Also, when preparing the manuscript and an accompanying blog, we asked Claude to help draft the "mistakes" section of our blog post, and it fabricated three plausible-sounding errors that never occurred.

What does a scientist need to do to ensure AI-generated results are reliable?

Scientists need to be deeply involved in the process. They must carefully check AI-generated work against primary sources, their own calculations and their understanding of how the science should behave. No single check was enough in our case. Rather than replacing the scientist, AI changes the role: researchers can use it to help build solutions to more ambitious problems, but they must apply their expertise to verify, refine and correct the results.

Though you used AI, how much of your work still depended on your own expertise?

Assistant Professor Ankur Gupta

Expertise becomes even more valuable when using AI. While some tasks can be automated, other steps such as posing the problem correctly, choosing the right geometry and mathematical approach and interpreting what the results meant required our input. Claude's role was to accelerate the more time-consuming parts of the process, including calculations, coding and creating figures, but the scientific direction and decision-making remained ours.

Has this experience changed how you approach research?

It's made us much more deliberate about how we verify information. We now treat every AI-generated result the way we'd treat a result from a source we don't yet fully trust. It’s not something we can rely on until it has been checked against trusted sources or independent calculations.

What advice would you give graduate students about using AI responsibly?

Use AI to learn new techniques, but don't let it replace your own thinking. AI is excellent at combining existing methods, but much less capable of understanding a problem from a physical standpoint. That understanding must come from you, otherwise you will eventually lose the ability to evaluate AI's work. Think of it like learning chess. A player does not become a strong player by relying on a computer program that analyzes chess positions and suggests the best moves; you have to play thousands of games to develop the intuition needed to make decisions. Otherwise, you are not playing chess; you are simply following a computer's output.

Research led by Assistant Professor Ankur Gupta used AI to solve a decades-old fluid mechanics problem in weeks, revealing that a nanoparticle's overall shape, not its surface texture, determines how it moves in an electric field. The finding could help scientists design nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and medical diagnostics.

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The image illustrates how a particle's shape influences the flow patterns around it.

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Wyatt Shields receives Army Young Investigator award

Susan Glairon — Fri, 24 Jul 2026 22:01:02 +0000

Wyatt Shields receives Army Young Investigator award Susan Glairon Fri, 07/24/2026 - 16:01

Associate Professor Wyatt Shields received the Army Research Office's Young Investigator award for research that could advance the next generation of programmable microscopic robots.

Shields' team is developing tiny magnetic building blocks that can self-assemble into microrobots with programmed movements. By changing the sequence of these microscopic particles, researchers can control how the robots function—opening the door to new approaches for smart materials, sensors and other responsive technologies.

The project combines chemical engineering, materials science and computational modeling to create microscale robotic systems that can be manufactured at scale for a wide range of future applications.

Associate Professor Wyatt Shields received an Army Research Office Young Investigator award to develop programmable microscopic robots inspired by protein folding.

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Kate Seymour

Susan Glairon — Fri, 10 Apr 2026 15:23:36 +0000

Kate Seymour Susan Glairon Fri, 04/10/2026 - 09:23

Double Major

Chemical Engineering (BS) and Chemistry (BA)

CEAS Award

Research Award

Future Plans

Pursuing a Materials Science and Engineering PhD at the �鶹ӰԺ

Why were you were selected for this award?

In the Bowman Research Group, I develop computer models that predict how light-activated plastics, called photopolymers, form and harden during manufacturing. My work addresses a critical gap in existing models, a chemical reaction unique to a major class of these materials, that has long forced researchers to rely on costly trial and error. By filling this gap, my models will enable scientists to design better photopolymers from the outset, rather than relying on guesswork.

Photopolymers are widely used in everyday applications from dental fillings and crowns, to 3D-printed medical devices, contact lenses and protective coatings. Improving predictive modeling can lead to more durable dental restorations (reducing repeat procedures, especially valuable for communities with limited access to dental care), while accelerating the development of customized medical implants and reducing material waste in manufacturing. Ultimately, my work helps researchers and engineers design these essential materials more efficiently, lowering costs and bringing new healthcare technologies to patients sooner.

What accomplishment are you most proud of?

Finishing a dual degree in chemical engineering and chemistry while staying genuinely connected to the people around me. The GPA matters to me, but what I am most proud of is that I did not disappear into the work. I stayed present with my classmates. I kept showing up for the people in my life. I found my faith. I tried to honor the professors and coworkers who invested in me through my hard work and commitment. I stayed curious about things beyond my engineering and chemistry coursework.

At times, it would have been easier to avoid the harder, messier parts of being a person: relationships, faith, vulnerability, and showing up for others when it was inconvenient. I did not always get it right, but I learned more from trying to hold both things together than I ever could have from the coursework alone. Looking back, I did not have to sacrifice the things that made me feel human to succeed academically, and that is what I am most proud of.

What is your favorite CU �鶹ӰԺ memory?

Growing up, Saturday mornings meant watching College GameDay with my parents and cheering for our respective programs. So getting swept up in that experience at my own alma mater during Coach Prime's first season was pure joy. I traveled to Fort Worth for the opener and waved a giant CU flag on Big Noon Kickoff as Colorado shocked Texas Christian University. The following week, I was back at Folsom Field for the Nebraska game, where I won best sign on Big Noon. Then came the Rocky Mountain Showdown, and College GameDay's first visit to �鶹ӰԺ since 1996, where I got a photo with Desmond Howard, a former professional football player and current sports analyst. It's a fall I'll never forget.

What is your best piece of advice for other students?

Say "yes" to the opportunity you feel underqualified for. Email the professor whose research sounds intimidating. Apply for the internship you assume you won't get. Volunteer for the project that pushes you outside your comfort zone. Most of the meaningful opportunities I've had at CU started with me deciding to try. The worst thing that happens is someone says "no," which is exactly where you started. The people who seem to have it all figured out aren't more qualified than you; they just took the first step and asked.

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Jessica Connell

Susan Glairon — Wed, 08 Apr 2026 20:32:18 +0000

Jessica Connell Susan Glairon Wed, 04/08/2026 - 14:32

Major

Chemical and Biological Engineering

CEAS Awards

Academic Engagement Award
Culture Impact Award
Research Award

Post-graduation plans

Research at the Institute of Future Fuels at the DLR (German Aerospace Center) in Cologne, Germany

Why were you selected for these awards?

Culture Impact
I’ve been a member of oSTEM for four years and board member for three of those years. oSTEM, an LGBTQ+ STEM student organization, played an integral role in my time at CU. I was able to find community, gain professional experience, and leave a lasting impact on campus. As a board member, I helped take oSTEM to our first three National Conferences, displayed an AIDS memorial in the Pride Office, started our Alumni Network, and established ongoing connections with LGBTQ+ Employee Resource Groups in industry. oSTEM represents a deeply personal and important cause to me, and I’m grateful that I’ve had the opportunity to give back to the community that has supported me through some of my hardest times and darkest moments.

Research
I’ve participated in research with three different groups in my time at CU. I started by working in the Nabity group in Aerospace Engineering, working on ways to improve carbon dioxide capture and filtering for life support systems (such as on the International Space Station).

From there, I then joined the Weimer lab, working on utilizing concentrated sunlight to produce sustainable fuels. This work functions by taking water, heating it up to 1500C, and then flowing over an active material. This material has special properties that allows it to separate the oxygen out of water, leaving hydrogen which can then be captured. This hydrogen can then be combined with carbon monoxide to make syngas, a precursor to hydrocarbon fuels, or ammonia, which is used in fertilizer production necessary to feed over half the world’s population. While this work is not a perfect solution, it provides a step toward a more sustainable energy future and can be used with current energy infrastructure, making implementation much more feasible.

Lastly, I joined the Shields lab this year to complete my senior thesis. In this lab, I’ve worked on improving quantitative biodistribution measures to aid in cancer treatment research. One of the major challenges with cancer treatments is targeting, or getting the treatment to the desired part of the body. One way to study where treatments end up is a biodistribution study, or looking at the treatment concentration in different organs in the body. However, this process is typically labor intensive and destructive. My work has been developing quantitative calibrations of fluorescent images so that researchers can determine treatment concentration in each organ without destroying it. This will help determine which treatments have the highest targeting ability and thus should be studied more.

Academic Engagement
I have been a chemical engineering course assistant for the past year and a half. I have helped with Fluid Mechanics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Kinetics and Reactor Design, and was the head course assistant for a Mass Transfer bridge course. Though I love the concepts and challenging problems, my favorite part of being a CA has been my interactions with students. I love watching my students understand a concept for the first time or do really well on an exam they were worried about. I also love being able to provide support and advice about classes, professors, research, internships or even just to listen when someone has a bad day. Chemical engineering is difficult, and I want to make sure that the other students in the program have the community and support they need to do well.

What is your favorite CU �鶹ӰԺ memory?

My favorite memory from my time at CU has been hanging out with my friends on the front patio area of the biotech building. Whenever we need a break from being engineers, we all sit in the sun and nap, chat, play volleyball, stretch, do handstands and generally just enjoy a moment to ourselves. Chemical engineering is difficult, and as much as I love the hard work, I also cherish the moments of calm and community.

What is your best piece of advice for other students?

Ask for help. So many people at CU are in your corner and will support you if you ask. I would not be where I am today without the support of my family, friends, professors, mentors, and peers, and I'm incredibly grateful for their support and advice throughout my time at CU.

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Major osteoarthritis research featured in The New York Times

Susan Glairon — Wed, 08 Apr 2026 15:35:41 +0000

Major osteoarthritis research featured in The New York Times Susan Glairon Wed, 04/08/2026 - 09:35

Professor Stephanie Bryant is leading a $33.57 million federal grant to reverse osteoarthritis, and the New York Times is taking notice.

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Arianna McCarty

Susan Glairon — Wed, 08 Apr 2026 11:19:34 +0000

Arianna McCarty Susan Glairon Wed, 04/08/2026 - 05:19

Major

Chemical and Biological Engineering

CEAS Awards

Outstanding Undergraduate of the College
Academic Engagement Award
Research Award

Future Plans

Earn a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in biological sciences from the Wellcome Sanger Institute at the University of Cambridge as a Churchill Scholar

Why were you selected for these awards?

Academic Engagement Award
Teaching and learning have always been inseparable for me at CU. Across seven course assistant (CA) roles, I've had an exceptional opportunity to deepen my understanding of content, and more importantly deepen my connection with the academic community in the CHBE department. Beyond my CA roles, I've pursued extensive graduate coursework, classes across many disciplines, and even had the chance to conduct independent studies on Japanese haiku and French existentialism with Dr. Anja Lange! CU has given me the space to pursue my curiosities, and I've never stopped taking it up on that offer.

Research Award
In the Burdick Biomaterials and Biofabrication Laboratory, I engineer heart tissues with specific regions of scarring to model what happens to the heart following a heart attack. Using biomaterials and 3D bioprinting techniques, we fabricate these tissues to closely mimic the architecture of a damaged heart and subsequently investigate how specific proteins might be targeted to reverse scarring. I have also contributed to research in the Clark Lab at CU Anschutz, where I investigate how our respiratory microbiome (the collection of bacteria naturally present in our airway) interacts with and protects against pathogens, with implications for how we understand and treat respiratory infections.

Outstanding Undergraduate of the College Award
My undergraduate experience has been defined by a commitment to research, teaching and community at CU �鶹ӰԺ. Serving as a course assistant (CA) for seven courses has been one of the greatest gifts of my time here; it immersed me in the heart of the ChBE community in a way nothing else could have. Spanning three laboratories and four published papers, my research has ranged from respiratory microbiology to cardiac tissue engineering, allowing me to chase curiosities that only seem to deepen the further I go. Beyond the lab, working as an EMT, volunteering with Engineers Without Borders, and holding roles with the Boettcher Foundation and Goldwater Scholar Council have each been ways I've tried to pour into the communities that have given so much to me.

What is your favorite CU �鶹ӰԺ memory?

I don't have one favorite memory, and I think that's the point. The memories I'll carry with me are the gnocchi nights with friends, the spontaneous lab dance parties and the conversations that went way longer than they were supposed to. Those in-between moments are where the real magic lives.

What is your best piece of advice for other students?

My best piece of advice for other students is to ask for help. There are so many people here at CU who are in your corner and will support you if you just ask. I would not be where I am today without the support of my family, friends, professors, mentors and peers, and I'm incredibly grateful for their support and advice throughout my time at CU.

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A simple shot shows promise to reverse osteoarthritis within weeks

Susan Glairon — Mon, 06 Apr 2026 21:58:40 +0000

A simple shot shows promise to reverse osteoarthritis within weeks Susan Glairon Mon, 04/06/2026 - 15:58

A CU �鶹ӰԺ-led team has developed a suite of new therapies aimed at reversing osteoarthritis in a single injection. With animal studies showing promise and funding from the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health extended, the team could be ready for human trials by 2028. Professor Stephanie Bryant is the principal investigator of the project.

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Kristi Anseth receives the Biomaterials Global Impact Award

Susan Glairon — Tue, 31 Mar 2026 13:12:51 +0000

Kristi Anseth receives the Biomaterials Global Impact Award Susan Glairon Tue, 03/31/2026 - 07:12

Distinguished Professor Kristi Anseth has received the Biomaterials Global Impact Award, which recognizes distinguished research and development accomplishments in the field of biomaterials.

The award will be presented at the 35th Annual Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials in Antwerp, Belgium, from September 7-11, 2026.

Anseth, also the associate faculty director of CU �鶹ӰԺ’s BioFrontiers Institute, designs biomaterials that interact with living tissues to promote repair and regeneration, aiding in healing injuries and diseases. Her lab works with hydrogels—a degradable biomaterial—to deliver molecules at the right time and sequence to accelerate the healing process. Her team is also growing miniaturized versions of heart cells and tissues, known as organoids, to better understand disease mechanisms and explore new types of heart disease treatments, such as to repair heart muscles after heart attacks.

Anseth is also among the select few innovators elected to all three National Academies: Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Beyond her scientific contributions, she has been recognized with more than 50 major awards and delivered over 60 honorary lectureships worldwide.

Distinguished Professor Kristi Anseth has received the Biomaterials Global Impact Award, which recognizes distinguished research and development accomplishments in the field of biomaterials. Anseth is known for developing tissue substitutes that improve treatments for conditions like broken bones and heart valve disease.

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Could 3D-printed livers make transplant lists a thing of the past?

Susan Glairon — Tue, 24 Mar 2026 14:30:09 +0000

Could 3D-printed livers make transplant lists a thing of the past? Susan Glairon Tue, 03/24/2026 - 08:30

CU �鶹ӰԺ researchers and partners at MIT, Harvard and Columbia are working to recreate the human liver’s complex structure in the lab. With support from a $25 million ARPA-H grant, the team aims to develop 3D-printed, transplantable liver tissue made from human cells that the body won’t reject. Professor Jason Burdick's lab at CU’s BioFrontiers Institute will lead the 3D printing component of the project.

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Scientists develop hydrogel platform that mimics human tissue

Susan Glairon — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 22:55:27 +0000

Scientists develop hydrogel platform that mimics human tissue Susan Glairon Thu, 03/12/2026 - 16:55

Susan Glairon

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (purple) interact with a hydrogel matrix (green). In viscoelastic materials, the cells can spread and reshape the matrix.

For decades, lab-grown cells have been studied in materials that don’t reflect the softness and flexibility of human tissue.

Bruce Kirkpatrick

Researchers at the �鶹ӰԺ have developed a water-rich, Jell-O-like material that more closely mimics how real tissues move, stretch and relax and whose liquid or solid state can be precisely controlled by light.

The work was recently published in the journal Matter and was directed by Distinguished Professor Kristi Anseth.

These new hydrogels will help scientists understand how mechanical cues from tissues affect cells, said Bruce Kirkpatrick, (PhDBioEngr'25), the paper’s first author and a third-year medical student. These insights could help improve our understanding of disease and how cells respond to drugs. It could also shed light on cell development—how stem cells mature into specialized cell types.

“The convention of growing cells on plastic for drug testing is problematic because plastic is stiff, while human tissue is flexible,” Kirkpatrick said. “Unless you're studying bone or other cells adapted to rigid environments, it’s not an appropriate mechanical setting for studying how cells respond to drugs.”

Kirkpatrick added that a key advantage of the hydrogel-based cell culture platform is its three-dimensional structure, which better reflects the environment cells experience in the body.

“The material we developed will help researchers better understand how mechanical environments influence cell behavior, not just the biochemical cues cells receive through surrounding liquid and nearby cells,” he said.

Shaped by light

Lea Hibbard

Most hydrogels form spontaneously when two liquids are mixed, but these gels provide less control and precision than the newly developed materials, Kirkpatrick said. In addition, researchers traditionally have shaped hydrogels using extrusion printing, a process similar to squeezing Play-Doh through a tube.

Instead, Kirkpatrick and the research team combined the new hydrogel’s dynamic properties with photopolymerization, using light to transform liquids into solids and encapsulate cells during three-dimensional printing. The new approach is faster and provides precise control over shape and material properties, Kirkpatrick said.

“With photopolymerization, we can control exactly how much light is applied, where it goes and when the hydrogel forms,” Kirkpatrick added. “The amount of light determines how much the material gels and its resulting mechanical properties. It gives researchers control over the shape, timing of cell encapsulation and spatial variation in properties.”

For example, if cells are encapsulated in a droplet and one side is exposed to light for only a few seconds while the other receives a longer or stronger dose, researchers can study what happens at the boundary between those regions, observing how cells migrate between them and how differences in mechanical properties influence their behavior.

Abhishek Dhand

The researchers also studied intestinal organoids—tiny lab-grown versions of the intestine—to see how they behaved in different environments. In the body, these cells exist in a soft, viscoelastic environment, where tissues stretch or deform under stress.

When the team placed the organoids in a hydrogel with similar properties, the cells took on natural shapes and expressed the right proteins. In other words, they behaved like they do inside the body.

“These findings suggest that viscoelasticity is essential for proper cell function and organization,” Kirkpatrick said.

Next steps

The researchers’ long-term goal is to use three-dimensional printing to produce large, cell-laden arrays of the new material for drug testing or disease modeling. This approach allows them to quickly create identical samples with high quality control and study how cells respond to gene mutations—such as removing a disease-linked gene—or to varying drug concentrations in the hydrogel environment.

The material could also help scientists study fundamental processes, such as how embryos organize cells to form correctly shaped organs, and investigate diseases like fibrosis, in which the body overproduces scar tissue in response to injury or chronic inflammation.

Co-first authors Abhishek Dhand, (PhDBioMedEngr’25), and PhD student Lea Hibbard (ChemBioEngr’24) contributed equally to this study. CU �鶹ӰԺ faculty involved in the project included Professor Jason Burdick, Distinguished Professor Christopher Bowman and Professor Tim White.

A new light-controlled hydrogel developed at CU �鶹ӰԺ mimics the movement and flexibility of real tissue, giving scientists a more realistic way to study cells and disease. The work was recently published in the journal Matter and was directed by Distinguished Professor Kristi Anseth.

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Research

Fast but error-prone: AI assists in solving a decades-old fluid mechanics problem in weeks

Claude helped you solve a problem in five weeks that had remained unsolved for decades. What problem were you trying to solve?

What was still unknown about how small particles move?

What did you discover about how particle shape affects motion?

What potential impact could your findings have on applications such as medical diagnostics and targeted drug delivery

Why did you bring AI into the project?

What kinds of tasks was Claude especially good at?

What were the dangers of bringing AI into research?

What surprised you most about the mistakes Claude made? Were they difficult to spot?

What does a scientist need to do to ensure AI-generated results are reliable?

Though you used AI, how much of your work still depended on your own expertise?

Has this experience changed how you approach research?

What advice would you give graduate students about using AI responsibly?

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Wyatt Shields receives Army Young Investigator award

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Kate Seymour

Double Major

CEAS Award

Future Plans

Why were you were selected for this award?

What accomplishment are you most proud of?

What is your favorite CU �鶹ӰԺ memory?

What is your best piece of advice for other students?

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Jessica Connell

Major

CEAS Awards

Post-graduation plans

Why were you selected for these awards?

What is your favorite CU �鶹ӰԺ memory?

What is your best piece of advice for other students?

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Major osteoarthritis research featured in The New York Times

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Arianna McCarty

Major

CEAS Awards

Future Plans

Why were you selected for these awards?

What is your favorite CU �鶹ӰԺ memory?

What is your best piece of advice for other students?

Related News

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A simple shot shows promise to reverse osteoarthritis within weeks

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Kristi Anseth receives the Biomaterials Global Impact Award

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Could 3D-printed livers make transplant lists a thing of the past?

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Scientists develop hydrogel platform that mimics human tissue

Shaped by light

Next steps

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